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Keene State College was the site of the world premiere of the restored When Lincoln Paid, director Francis Ford's 1913 Civil War drama. The silent film, a "two-reeler," was one at least 175 movies that Ford, the older brother of John Ford, Hollywood's most honored director, helmed between 1910 and 1928. Francis Ford himself appeared in the picture, playing Abraham Lincoln, a role that was a favorite of his and one he assayed in seven other movies. Francis Ford's career spanned six decades as actor, director, producer, and writer. He took part in the production of nearly 500 films, putting him in a class with such legends as Donald Crisp, who as an actor, won an Oscar under John Ford's direction in How Green Was My Valley (Best Picture Academy Award, 1941). Frank Ford also acted in many of his brothers films, including The Informer (Best Picture of 1935) and The Quiet Man (1952). How Green Was My Valley, The Informer, and The Quiet Man all garnered John Ford Best Director Oscars. The premiere, which was sponsored by the Wallace E. Mason Library's Film Archives & Special Collection , was held at Keene State's Young Student Center on April 20, 2010. The showing had to be moved from a smaller venue due to the great interest in the film. (The college does not discriminate against older students. Lloyd P. Young was president of Keene State from 1939-1964.) "Brother Feeney" Francis Ford, who was born Francis Feeney in Portland, Maine in 1881, was one of the pioneers of movie-making in California. He mentored his younger brother John, who joined him in the Golden State in 1914. The younger Ford went on to win a record four Best Director Academy Awards as well as Oscars for two documentaries he made for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Widely considered America's greatest movie director, John Ford credited his brother Frank with teaching him everything he knew. He told Peter Bogdanovich that Francis Ford had been his "only" influence, and When Lincoln Paid is testament to the younger Ford's assertion. Tag Gallagher in his article "Brother Feeney - Francis Ford," writes that in the period 1913-16, the elder Ford "produced" 80 films for Universal Film Manufacturing (currently Universal Pictures). In the year 1913, When Lincoln Paid was released on January 31st while From Rail-Splitter to President was released on December 16th, with Francis Ford once again playing Abe Lincoln. According to Gallagher, Lincoln was his favorite part. Gallagher quoted Francis Ford from Universal Weekly, the studio's in-house magazine. "There is nothing I like better than to play Lincoln. I have a big library devoted to this great man, and I have studied every phase of his remarkable character and when I am acting the part, I can feel the man as I judge him." At the time of the Ford interview, he had already played Lincoln in "six or seven photoplays." "When Lincoln Paid" The movie was made by Kay-Bee (a Universal subsidiary also known as Bison), and distributed by Mutual Film Corp. in the U.S. & Canada. An advertisement from the N.Y. Motion Picture Co., a movie production company that also handled distribution to exhibitors, describes the film thusly: "A great war drama, with stirring scenes of battle, showing how Lincoln repaid a debt incurred in his youth by exercising his power as president in extending clemency to a man about to be shot as a spy. Wonderful dramatic work showing the conflict of emotions of a mother, thirsting for revenge on the man who sentenced her boy to death, who allows her maternal instinct to prevail and saves the doomed son of the man from a similar fate." When Lincoln Paid is a very well-made film, and measures up to such acknowledged classics of the early silent cinema as D.W. Griffith's The New York Hat (1912). The performance of director Francis Ford as Abraham Lincoln is quite subtle and modern, bereft of the semaphore-like signaling of the elocutionary acting style of many early silent film actors that is incredibly irritating to "modern" audiences (those of at least the last 80 years, since the advent of sound). The performances of the other actors, with the exception of the mother who is the main protagonist of the film, also are relatively restrained. The actress who played the mother (she is not identified in credits on the Internet Movie Database or on Wikipedia) does engage in scenery chewing, of the hand-wringing, teeth-gnashing style that is so bad it's funny to a modern audience. (Pete Smith, the Oscar-winning head of M-G-M's "shorts" department, used to lampoon the over-the-top histrionics of films of the When Lincoln Pays era by providing sarcastic narration to old time potboilers.) Yet, her performance is not as grotesque as other early silent era performances, which were rooted in pantomime. One thing that struck me was the lack of titles for dialog, which became so common in the 1920s, when "inter-titles" could take up an extraordinary amount of the running time of a film, as they typically were "held" long enough for the slowest readers to peruse. (From my experience watching good prints of silent films properly projected on a regular-sized silver screen in a classic movie theater, a fast reader could read an inter-title up to three times while it lingered on screen.) When the widow goes to Lincoln at the climax of the motion picture and they talk to each other, there are very few titles, and absolutely none giving us their dialogue when she is begging him for the life of a condemned rebel soldier. We know what is being said, without "hearing" it, or reading it. In a late silent like Man, Woman & Sin (1927), featuring silent movie superstar John Gilbert and Jeanne Eagels, one of the legends of the Broadway stage, the mise en scene of that era was something akin to 1/3 to 40% titles. We'd see Gilbert or Eagels begin to "speak" and there would be a cut-away to a title after the first few "words." "We had faces then," said the demented silent screen queen Norma Desmond played by Gloria Swanson in Billy Wilder's Sunset Blvd., greatest of all "Hollywood films." The problem with the use of title cards in the late silents is that when we want to be looking at the exquisite face of Jeanne Eagels (a face as evocative as Jean Harlow or Marilyn Monroe) and watch her facial expressions while she is "speaking," we have a black "title card" taking up the screen taking up much of the time when her character is speaking. Swanson said about acting in the silents, that an actor had to put everything in the first seconds of their take as there would be a cutting away to the title card. It was a highly artificial type of acting necessary to create "realistic" and natural results. Some late silent films, like F.W. Murnau's The Last Laugh (1924) practically dispensed with inter-titles altogether. When Lincoln Paid is a better film for having fewer title cards. However, the acting style of the time was quite different than that of the later silents, though Francis Ford as director is to be commended for the restraint in the performances. Historical Value of a "Lost Film" Recovered Francis Ford's When Lincoln Paid also was considered a lost film, until 2006, when a print was discovered in a New Hampshire barn slated for demolition . The restoration of the film by members of Keen State College's film studies department began in 2008. In his brief lecture accompanying the showing of the restored film, Professor Lawrence Benaquist, the head of Keene State College's Cinema Studies, explained why the discovery of a print of When Lincoln Paid was such a major event. (Cineastes from as far away as Taiwan in the audience.) Benaqusist said that 90% of silent films have been lost. To find a film by the man who influenced the greatest American director was a significant event. Benaquist explained that there are common motifs running through this film and John Ford films, such as his famous Cavalry cycle of the late 1940s, such as a focus on ritual. When Lincoln Paid features a battle scene, and there are scenes featuring cavalry troops, a standard of "Jack" Ford's ouvre. I noticed that one of the rituals of When Lincoln Pays shares with John Ford's films is a party (called a "fair" in this film), that was similar to the famous officer-enlisted men & wives ball scene in Fort Apache. Professor Benaquist explained that the movie has the theme of debt and repayment, which John Ford would repeat in his own Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), albeit John's Lincoln was not the compassionate Lincoln of Francis Ford. (The elder Ford had a small, uncredited role in the film.) Another theme that I noticed in When Lincoln Pays that could be found in some of the younger Ford's films was mother love. The value of such a find is cultural, not monetary, according to Professor Benaquist, for unless the found film was made by a major director like Josef von Sternberg or was the footage cut out of a classic like Orson Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons, there is no commercial value. At the time of When Lincoln Paid was released, there were three to five movie theaters in Keene, New Hampshire (which currently has a population of 23,000 now, but only 10,000 in the 1910 census). The Civil War had been over for less than half-a-century, and until the outbreak of World War One, the War Between the States was a major subject for the newly born movie industry. (Indeed, the most popular film in terms of box office gross until Gone With the Wind, another Civil War-themed movie, was the Civil War-themed Birth of a Nation.) According to Professor Benaquist, films like When Lincoln Pays provide a mirror on the consciousness of the times in which they were made. Before TV and the radio, the movies were - along with newspapers and magazines - the major channel by which cultural was transmitted to a mass audience. Furthermore, the films are significant in that they just didn't recreate history, but in fact, created it. For better or worse, the movies transmitted our national narratives. [To understand what When Lincoln Pays meant to a contemporary audience, one can think of what World War Two means to the History Channel, then multiply the effect as the movies in 1913 were more powerful than a single cable TV channel, with apologies to Fox News. In the 1940s, '50s & '60s, World War II continued to be a major subject not only on films, but on TV also. Then realize that in January 1913, the Civil War had been over for almost 48 years, as distant to the contemporary audience as President John F. Kennedy's assassination is to the audience that watched the restored film in 2010.] The Restoration Tom Cook, professor of film production at Keene State College, assembled the restored print together from the nitrate negative salvaged from the barn and, incredibly, a videotape of a now-lost 8-mm print of the film. He used a variety of software including Avid Movie Composer. The discovered print was sent to Eastman House, the venerable film archive , which washed the print, thus enabling it to be transferred to digital files. Some of the nitrate print was so decayed it couldn't be salvaged, and the videotape was used to supply unsalvageable scenes and scenes missing from the found print. The beginning of the film, which likely contained a violent thunderstorm that threatens the life of young Abe Lincoln, the circuit-riding lawyer, is lost. The restorers, drawing on a synopsis of the film from the old Motion Picture Herald, provided a title card that sets the scene for what follows. When one considers the quality of the resulting effort, it is nothing short of amazing. (A commercial DVD of John Barrymore's 1923 The Sea Beast, which I rented via Netflix, is of much poorer quality than what was on display at Keene State.) Professor Cook said the restoration will continue, and he plans to clean up the visible nitrate decay. In addition to the George Eastman House, the restoration was made possible by the National Film Preservation Foundation and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences. Mark Reinhart, the author of Lincoln on Screen and John Ford scholar Tag Gallagher also helped provide information on Francis Ford's career to the Keene State Colelge media studies department. The pianist at the presentation was Jeff Rapsis, who performs at the Wilton Theatre accompanying silent films. Sources: Associated Press, "1913 Abraham Lincoln film found in NH barn cleanup" (includes pictures from film and of the original celluloid print) Internet Movie Database, "Francis Ford"; "When Lincoln Paid" Keene Sentinel, "Films for the Ages: Contractor makes rare find in Nelson barn" Keene State College, "Restored Abraham Lincoln Film to Premiere at Keene State" |
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